Follow prompt 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Follow prompt 3 - Essay Example In the liberation era, there was marked participation of women in the collective labor, contributing to the surplus production that helped the socialist state industrialize. Nonetheless, this period was also characterized by constrained continuation of patriarchal structure that stipulated the type and value of women labor (Hairong 580). At the juncture, women liberation was realized through the participation of women in labor as opposed to the arduous housework they undertook during the earlier days, but gendered division of labor remained intact. Nonetheless, Women’s voices were vociferous in the debates on new modernization policies, as women liberation was related to the defense of the nation (Rofel 43). The women in the later cohort were however more concerned about their personal welfare. Women in the middle cohort are those who matured during the Cultural Revolution era. This group characteristically resisted authority and managerial authority in the industrial workplace. For instance, the cohort resisted younger supervisor Xiao Ma, whereby ignoring her authority was a significant political project (Rofel 222). By refusing the authority of a woman, the cohort essentially expressed its opposition to authoritarianism throughout the society. Workers rights were valued over the labor itself. Middle aged working women defied authority through activism and had extreme attitudes during labor protests. They were opposed to their management’s focus on efficiency by refusing to produce. Their refusal to remain in positions at the shop floor indicates defiance of state power; they exposed the symbolic violence in a natural economic order that is the mainstay of power in the post-socialist modernity (Rofel 19). Therefore, this cohort was against any form of authoritarian ism in factory and in the country in general. There is a similarity in the way the women

Classroom Management Observation Essay Example for Free

Classroom Management Observation Essay Did you view the elementary or secondary video? * Elementary 1. Observation and Description A. Describe the observed classroom routines.The class starts with the children removing materials from their desk to get organized. Having the children remove all materials from their desk to organize them according to size teaches the children to have respect for their property and others. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. Then, the children go over the schedule, so they know, what to expect throughout the school day. After that, the children learn the importance of attending school on a daily basis. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. The students must sign out, print their name on the appropriate line, and circle the place they are going, then put the time, and take a pass. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher. B. Describe the implementation methods of routines in the ob served classroom. The teacher implements the methods of routines as she would any other subject. For example, if the teacher were teaching math, she would describe it, explain it, and then have the children practice it. In the video, the teacher described to the students how they would line up, then she explained why they would line up that way, and then she let the children practice. 2. Analysis, Exploration and Reasoning A. Predict students’ level of engagement with the observed classroom routines.The students level of engagement is high the children are enthusiastic about learning what the teacher expects of them. Later in the school year, I predict that the student will have the same level of engagement as from the first day of school. The children will know what the teacher expect of them, regarding routines and procedures. The routines and procedures will become more of a habit. B. Analyze a possible purpose for the observed classroom routine. The purpose for the children removing all items from their desk and organizing them according to size is so that the children will know where all books and materials are at all times. This will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions, because the children will not have to go back and forth to their book bags and other areas of the classroom to get materials. The materials are in an organized area in the desk. 3. Connections to other teaching practices A. Explain the purpose of the observed classroom routines as they relate to the learning environment.The purpose of having the children take a classroom tour is to familiarize themselves with centers and materials so the children will know exactly where to go when they need certain things, which will cause less classroom disruptions. The observed routines relates to an improved learning environment for the classroomThe purpose for removing materials from their desk to get organized is to teach students to have respect for their pro perty, themselves, and others. Having respect for their property and others improves the learning environment because each student will strive to act in a respectable manner by having respect for themselves and their surroundings, which in turn, will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Having the students sign books in and out of the classroom library teaches students the importance of returning items back to their correct placement, which relates to improving the learning environment because keeping items neat, organized in their correct placement is essential for a learning environment to thrive. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. This teaches the student to never take anything without asking and again to have respect for their property and others, which in turn improves th e learning environment, if everyone ask before taking something of someone else. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. The teacher has the student to quie line up quietly, by size to see and account for all students as the students walk through the hall. This improves the learning environment because the teacher is responsible for the whereabouts of all students so seeing each child is important to have a successful learning environment. The students must remain quiet as they walk through the hall so they will not disturb other students. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. Having the students sign in and out teaches how important it is to let the teacher know their whereabouts. This also teaches responsibility. It is crucial for the teacher to know the whereabouts of all students in their class at all times, having the students sign in and out keeps track of all whereabouts and the time, which improves the learning environment. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. This creates a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves behavior because the students will not want to abuse the trust. Gaining trust improves behaviors, and good behaviors improve the learning environment and give students an abundance of opportunities to learn. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves the learning environment. Students’ transitions many times throughout out the day, from entering school, to going to breakfast, to leaving the lunchroom, to entering class. Transitions between activities can be challenging and stressful for students, but with organization and key expectations, teachers will eliminate a lot of chaos during these transitions. K–8 Situations 1. Beginning of the day: Class is starting A. enter classroom, the children will find seat B. empty book bag, organize desk C. hangs up book bag, sit quietly wait for instructions to begin tasks 2. End of the day: Going home A. get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag B. clean up desk and area around desk C. Sit and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation 3. Transition between activities: Moving to centers A. At the signal (dims the lights) the students to end activity; students begin putting materials away for the current assignment. B. Students clean up and take out materials from next assignment C. when the teacher turns back on the light, students must be in their seat quietly ready to begin next activity. 4. Distribution of materials: Getting crayons off shelf A. makes sure no one is at crayon station B. WALK over to the crayon station, grab a basket, and take a handful of crayons C. return quietly to your desk 5. Field trip: unloading the bus A. get off the bus on the field trip, make sure you are with your partner B. listens to ALL directions C. stay in designated groups 6. Recess: Going to the gym A. Line up quietly for recess B. Walk quietly down the hall to gym or designated area for the day C. Listen for directions for activities for the day 7. Fire or disaster drills: exiting the building in the event of fire A. When the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door B. Listen for the teacher to call your row C. Walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher What teachers do at the beginning of the school year to organize their rooms and establish a management system influences what happens throughout the rest of the year. Routines are the stamina of daily classroom life. The routines above are vital in order for your class to run smoothly. In the beginning of the day, when class is starting it is important for the children to enter class find their seat, empty book bags and organize their desk quietly so that the teacher can take attendance and notate how many children attended the class that day. At the end of the day, when the children are going home, it is important for the students to get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag, clean up desk and area around desk, sit, and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation. This is important so that all students to get home safely on the appropriate way of transportation. When transitioning between activities such as moving to centers, it is appropriate for student to end the current activity quickly to get started with the next. Time management is important throughout the school day since all activities are time-sensitive. When a student needs, materials such as crayons it is appropriate for the students to wait until the teacher call their row before proceeding to the material station. If a student needs crayons individually, then it’s important that the student make sure there is no one else at the station before he or she proceeds to get crayons. By waiting for the teacher to call your row or by making sure no one else is at the crayon station this will ensure the ease of all students getting material because this routine controls traffic flow in the classroom and will decrease classroom disruption. When the children go on a field trip and have to unload the bus it is appropriate for the students to follow all the routines so that the teacher and parent helpers can make sure all students are accounted for and no one is lost. When the children have recess and go to the gym it is appropriate that all students remain quietly and walk in a straight line so hallway traffic is controlled. The children should also remain quiet so they do not disturb other classrooms. Finally, in the event of a fire, it is appropriate that when the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door, listen for the teacher to call your row, walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher. This will ensure the safety of all teachers and students.

Ted Talk Script Technology Repercussions in Youth

Ted Talk Script Technology Repercussions in Youth Is this ipad a piece of technology or this scissor? Now probably you are thinking for sure the ipad is no doubt and scissors are just a tool. But let me tell you, you are actually wrong; both of these materials are categorized as technology. Now let me introduce you to what technology really is, by telling you a brief meaning so, what is Technology? Technology is a material that has various forms which helps a person performs a task on a daily basis. In todays world Technology is necessary in every aspect of live as it has changed and evolved the very world we live in. Technology has impacted youth of the 21st century as well as the adults, who are going through the era of simplicity into robotic evolution. But todays Ted Talk will mainly focus on the effects of technology on mainly youth. But many benefits of technology have been seen as years have passed, for example discoveries in all mechanical industries, efficiency of business work, advancements in medical care and many more. Side effects that is evident when you here technology,ÂÂ   deficiency in child thinking and social skills , privacy is at risk , climate change and the most worrying is the laziness in humans. Technology has never been so improved and developed in the history of humanity since the invention of the first wheel to now the era of virtual reality. I personally believe that technology, being used by anyone is not harmful at all but it does not affect a person until someone misuses it for their own sake or benefit. In todays world the youth run the technology and technology is its main target, the relationship between them is vice versa and none of them can stay without each other, note that I am not talking about a person but rather about a no living thing but now in this era these technological things are given more importance than actual living human beings. This technology indeed causes youth of today to like tech in the form of phones but also it causes harmful effects that stay with the youth throughout their lives. For example, depression and extreme isolation is evident in most of todays youth, this happens due to the lack of contact with people in their real lives other than virtual friends on Facebook. This happens often in institutions like social gatherings and when there is a pause or silence or you might feel awkward , in order to cope with it taking out your phone and using it without a purpose make us youth feel better than talking to a person right in front. Isolation then leads to Depression which then shows us that we lack human contact which includes physical exercise. Not exercising and staying home all day also adds obesity within you. This moreover relates to the reason why this happens and so its because youth utilizing their time in video games, taking to friends online and mostly watching YouTube videos most of the ir day rather than studying or using their time effectively in other things which I think is known as studying. Face to face interaction between people has been reduced, resulting absence of social skills, which are needed in our daily lives. Through the media, for likely Hollywood movies we have seen how children get bullied in school by kids are more tougher than them but this still exists but bullying has taken another form in todays time , instead kids get bullied more likely through social media now. This is just simple as a kid posting a picture on instagram and then waiting for instant likes but less that he know instead of likes he gets bombarded my comments my his friends that how ugly he or she looks. This internal depression and pain within a kids mind affects them mentally which remains with them during their life span, just like a pavement, a part of like taking away apart life. Kids who get involved in the act of bullying other kids , this happens since these bullies are more like to say things online on Facebook or twitter or other social media applications rather in person , face to face but they do not have guts bully in real life. Eventually, increase in cyber-bullying leads to teen suicides and parents get hurt and eventually wanting to know the reason why this happened. But now we all know reasons behind this? Dont we? I can just not stop talking about the negative effects of technology as they are reoccurring in my mind while I am trying to pursue you to lessen down the amount of time you send on technology. Now I am going to tell you some information that you might not really pay attention while your parents are telling you! I will take my parents as an example and display it to you guys and assume that all parents tell this to their kids. So what Parents say is basically, dont use headphones while sleeping or overusing and listening to music a lot during the day at constant pace but guess what? It causes loss of hearing over time. Just like the previous outcome looking at a phone or any display can affect people and mostly likely children to have vision loss resulting optical glasses much earlier in life. For example, I am assuming you have a younger sibling who wears glasses and he plays games on the ipad right in front of his eyes as close as he could be to the screen. But your parents are shouting at him, telling him stop playing it to close to your eyes, as your sibling is ruining his precious eyes or this might be you too. While you would like to have much longer conversations with Siri then real friends and people, it shows how much you love your phone and you have created this person in your life that displays family to you. Force yourself to have a relaxing electronic free day where you appreciate the surroundings near your which will help calm all your stress down from these worldly things. The article in Psychology Today says that, the use of technology can alter the actual wiring of the brain. More than a third of children under the age of two use mobile media. That number only increases as children age, with 95% of teens 12-17 spending time online. The article, explains this as video games form the brain in a way that leads to a diminishing memory and distraction. Children who use search engine to find information might be good at finding it but not at remembering. Also children who use too much of technology may not use their imagination to deeply analyze the information or material. Another study on two groups of sixth graders found that kids who had no access to electronic devices for five days were better at picking up on emotions and nonverbal cues of photos of faces than the group that used their devices during that time. Also this relates to how, Pediatricians say that severe obesity is increasing among young people which clearly reflects the type of foods kids eat also as we use more technology, we exercise little. Now, let me give you an advice, go for a vacation, do not take your phone despite all those important pictures you have to upload then actually enjoying the real sensation of the actual place. Creating an absolute balance in your life will help you appreciate the people around you as well as the technology you use but rather becoming a senseless zombie that you often kill in the games. Lastly, I am not saying that you by using technology are a bad person, but what I am trying to convey is that technology is now getting advance day by day, you being dependent on it could ruin your live in a way that you would not even imagine. By advance technology I mean, how you see in movies that the artificial intelligent robots designed by humans, attack humans and then take over the world by causing a terrifying robotic apocalypse. So consider this question, What if you were the one who invented this weapon of mass destruction and caused us, humans to extinct? Works Cited Walsh, Kelly. Awesome Free Ed Tech Resources EBook! Emerging Education Technologies RSS. 20 June 2012. Web. 15 January. 2017. The Four Negative Sides of Technology. The Four Negative Sides of Technology | Edudemic. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2017.

El Nino and its Impact on Coral Reefs :: Geology

El Nino and its Impact on Coral Reefs Introduction When individuals think of El Nino, they think of heavy wind, heavy rain, and the hot and cold temperatures in the wrong seasons. However, El Nino impacts are more than on humans and their surroundings. El Nino impacts the sea as well. The changes El Nino brings to our weather brings changes to ocean temperature. Changes in the ocean impact all forms of life in the ocean. It brings changes to fishes (affecting migration patterns), changes to aquatic vegetation growth, changes in the rest of the food chain , and most importantly changes (even death) to coral reefs. Coral reefs are more than collectable items, but they are a source of food, shelter and protection for most fishes and other forms of life in the ocean. During El Nino, coral reefs are damaged by the change of temperature. This leaves fishes homeless and in danger. What is El Nino El Nino is a disruption of the ocean off the coast of South America. El Nino starts when all the cold water on the bottom of the ocean does not come up to the surface because the trade winds blow differently during El Nino years. Instead, the warm water stays on top and becomes overheated. Then the water warms the jet streams, as well as sending more moisture into the air. El Nino has many important consequences for all the weather around the globe. For example, Illinois might be warm during its winter, and Brazil might be cold during its summer. Rainfall follows the warm water eastward. This is associated with flooding in Peru and droughts occurring in Australia. This kind of weather change is caused by El Nino. An El Nino may occur every three to seven years . It begins with a change in the trade winds. El Nino can last from a few months up to two years . It can be predicted a year before it happens. The warming of the ocean water begins in the Pacific and moves towards the coas t of South America. During a period of time that may last a year. A full blown El Nino starts in early December. El Nino effects continue for many months. (El Nino Theme Page, 1996). History No one knows exactly when the El Nino occurred, but ice core records from the Andes in Peru suggest these climate fluctuations have been part of Earth's weather cycle for El Nino and its Impact on Coral Reefs :: Geology El Nino and its Impact on Coral Reefs Introduction When individuals think of El Nino, they think of heavy wind, heavy rain, and the hot and cold temperatures in the wrong seasons. However, El Nino impacts are more than on humans and their surroundings. El Nino impacts the sea as well. The changes El Nino brings to our weather brings changes to ocean temperature. Changes in the ocean impact all forms of life in the ocean. It brings changes to fishes (affecting migration patterns), changes to aquatic vegetation growth, changes in the rest of the food chain , and most importantly changes (even death) to coral reefs. Coral reefs are more than collectable items, but they are a source of food, shelter and protection for most fishes and other forms of life in the ocean. During El Nino, coral reefs are damaged by the change of temperature. This leaves fishes homeless and in danger. What is El Nino El Nino is a disruption of the ocean off the coast of South America. El Nino starts when all the cold water on the bottom of the ocean does not come up to the surface because the trade winds blow differently during El Nino years. Instead, the warm water stays on top and becomes overheated. Then the water warms the jet streams, as well as sending more moisture into the air. El Nino has many important consequences for all the weather around the globe. For example, Illinois might be warm during its winter, and Brazil might be cold during its summer. Rainfall follows the warm water eastward. This is associated with flooding in Peru and droughts occurring in Australia. This kind of weather change is caused by El Nino. An El Nino may occur every three to seven years . It begins with a change in the trade winds. El Nino can last from a few months up to two years . It can be predicted a year before it happens. The warming of the ocean water begins in the Pacific and moves towards the coas t of South America. During a period of time that may last a year. A full blown El Nino starts in early December. El Nino effects continue for many months. (El Nino Theme Page, 1996). History No one knows exactly when the El Nino occurred, but ice core records from the Andes in Peru suggest these climate fluctuations have been part of Earth's weather cycle for

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees”

mANAGEMENT 350: hUMAN RESOURCE mANAGEMENT| â€Å"Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees†| | By: Chakana Moore, Patricia Davis, Eric Luken, Michelle Dailey, Jeffrey Webb| | 11/21/2011 Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance Human Resource Management Research Project November 21, 2011 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees Introduction Workplace monitoring has been a point of discussion within businesses as Human Resource Management feels that there is a need to watch their employees and how they conduct themselves at all times during the work day. Unless a government employee, employees are subject to any monitoring the employer deems necessary. Monitoring of e-mail and voicemail, as well as personal searches is within the rights of employers. Conducting video surveillance and tracking internet use are also rights of employers. There are legal as well as ethical aspects of employee monitoring which will be discussed in this paper. Specifically, we’ll expound on two specific organization examples that illustrate the growth of workplace monitoring. Next, issues and challenges of employee monitoring will be discussed. Lastly, sound recommendations based on our research will be given because it affects the people within the organization. It’s vital for workers to understand why monitoring is important and managers to respect and understand that employees have rights as well. Company/Organizational Examples Many companies utilize monitoring and surveillance. They have to learn to balance employer and employee rights. Businesses have the right to ensure that the employees are performing their jobs properly in a secure environment. On the other side, employees feel they should be protected at work and away from work. Since technology allows for employees to take large sums of valuable company secrets or data with them, workplace monitoring has increased. Common workplace monitoring includes e-mail and voice mail, internet use, and surveillance at work. Workplace monitoring has grown because of several forces. First force was the expansion in available technology, ranging from the internet to global tracking devices, which enhanced video capabilities and improved information systems software. Another force mentioned in our textbook is the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which led to the passing of USA Patriot Act. Robert L. Mathis, John H. Jackson 502) This Act allowed government investigators to engage in broader monitoring of individuals, including workplace, in order to protect national security. One concern raised in the workplace is the privacy rights of employees. Employees can feel they are being threatened because of the monitoring. â€Å"Right to privacy† is an individualà ¢â‚¬â„¢s freedom from unauthorized and unreasonable intrusion into personal affairs. However, constitutional rights to privacy are generally inferred through the U. S. Constitution’s Fourth Amendment’s rights which usually apply only to state actions. (Kopp) In an employment context, state actions are fairly narrowed to protecting federal, state, and municipal employees; private-sector employees must look elsewhere for protection. A possible source for such protection from employer snooping includes federal legislation and state common law tort actions such as invasion of privacy. The primary piece of federal legislation suggesting employee privacy interest is Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA). McCubbins) There are three exceptions under the ECPA. The first one is the â€Å"provider exception† which says if the employer is providing the telephone, e-mail, or internet services to the employee being monitored, there is little doubt that the employer is protected from employee privacy claims. A second exception is the â€Å"ordinary course of business. † Under this exception, the employee can monitor employee com munications to ensure legitimate business objectives as assuring quality control, preventing sexual harassment, and preventing use of excessive telephone or email usage. Last exception is the â€Å"consent†. â€Å"Consent† exception applies to even when the sender of the intercepted communication has been assured that all email communications would remain confidential and privileged. In Smyth v The Pillsbury Company, Smyth sent emails to his supervisor that contained unprofessional comments from his home computer. Because his supervisor gave consent to the company to intercept the emails and the emails were later retrieved by the courts, Smyth was terminated and was not able to be protected under the consent exception. A second commonplace monitoring method used by employers is internet tracking. Internet tracking can be used to visit non-work websites like Facebook and Yahoo accounts. Statistics show over 90% of employees admits to visiting other websites doing work hours. About 76% of firms monitor internet use. This can help companies prevent employees from going to inappropriate sites which could possibly create legal issues. For instance, a New Jersey case contained a log that showed one employee accessing porn websites. This activity caused an employee to be arrested due to repeatedly logging on that site when told by his supervisor to stop. Also, this type of activity draws attention to companies and causes law enforcement to get involved and companies can be charged with aiding and abetting legal behavior if found with evidence. A third form of employee monitoring is the use of video surveillance at work. Video surveillance can create a lot of issues in the workplace. Businesses use them on retail floors and in production areas, parts and inventory rooms, and lobbies. According to the annual survey, Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance Survey 2001 conducted by the American Management Association, more than three-quarters of all major U. S. firms are recording and/or reviewing the e-mail messages and telephone calls. Also, surveillance can be used to monitor software in the workplace. One surveillance capability of software monitoring can include workplace software that runs on monitored computers is hidden and difficult for an employee to find or the software could be present and monitoring their every keystrokes. Monitoring software cannot be terminated without the network administrator’s permission. Major issues/challenges Video surveillance is a great way for managers to ensure that their employees are behaving ethically. All managers want to make sure that their company’s time and money are being spent in the right way. Video surveillance will show what is going on within the company, but with the installation of video cameras some problems are likely to arise. Some of the top problems we found will be discussed over the next three paragraphs. The first problem that may arise is deception. This occurs when the company installs video camera for the first time and they don’t inform the employees. If the employer lies about the locations of the camera, this can be considered a form of deception and can open up the possibility for a lawsuit to take place. The employer must be completely honest with their workers in order for the camera to be of good use. With the evolution of technology there are different ways to ensure the company’s time is being used the right way and with doing that, employers must tell the employees that they will be videotaped while at work. There have been lawsuits surrounding uninformed employees and the courts have ruled in favor of the employee. Violation of confidentiality occurs when the company distributes information of an employee. This can happen in different ways such as the company giving out information to someone who doesn’t have the right to have it; for example, distributing video tapes of employees in a theft apprehend interview or job interview. With the installation of video surveillance there will be varying reactions. Only authorized management staff should watch the tapes and not distribute the tapes to unauthorized users. The biggest problem that companies can face from installation of video surveillance is invasion of privacy. This can happen when businesses install video surveillance in employee bathrooms or any other inappropriate place an employee will dwell. It’s reasonable that companies want to do what they can to prevent employees from stealing from the company whether that is merchandise or time. It’s also reasonable that companies want to prevent any conflict that can arise during work. Through the installation of video surveillance, problems can be prevented due to the video surveillance serving as evidence of any unethical behavior. Recommendation/Implementation Based on our research, it is highly recommended that organizations have a structured surveillance and electronic monitoring system within the workplace. Having an accurate system in place will most likely have a positive impact on the people that work within the organization. Also, it will protect the company from unmerited/unwanted lawsuits. Surveillance systems within the workplace show that employers are taking the initiative to make their employees feel safe. Employers utilize surveillance systems to ensure employee security by placing them externally within the outside parameter of the business including parking lots, street corners, garages, and poorly lit areas. Internal cameras can help decrease workplace violence and theft within the company. If employees know they are being watched, they are less likely to cause confrontations or to steal because of the threat of being caught on tape. One negative impact that internal cameras can have on employees is it may affect employee morale because it can make employees feel like they are not trusted and that they are always being watched. However, organizations have to be careful not to violate employee privacy laws by placing video surveillance within restrooms, changing rooms, or private areas. From a legal standpoint, advances in electronic technology and telecommunication have created additional problems for human resource managers through the use of emails, internet, voice mail, and instant messaging. Monitoring all employees’ electronic usage is critical in order for the company to protect itself from lawsuits and from potentially damaging the company’s image. Having a structured system in place will significantly help a company be proactive instead of reactive in their disciplinary steps to correct or eliminate the abuse of their internal electronic systems. The employer should have scanners that are equipped with scanners that will screen for inappropriate pictures or wording and a firewall that will block inappropriate internet websites that the company does not approve of. If an employee is flagged by this scanning system, hey should be disciplined immediately according to company policy and human resource professionals should thoroughly document the incident to prevent lawsuits or in the event a lawsuit is filed they are well prepared to prove that the company was justified in their disciplinary actions they took. The correct strategic approach to electronic mo nitoring and surveillance is to have an in depth employee handbook which is an essential tool for communicating information regarding the workplace policies and disciplinary actions. The handbook should be a downward communication that flows from the top management to the rest of the organization. However, the organization should create a company culture were employees also feel comfortable with upward communication that enable managers to learn about employee concerns because several of the employee handbook violations are reported by lower level employees. Within the employee handbook, employers should have a video surveillance policy informing employees about their surveillance system, informing them that the surveillance system is only performed for legitimate business purposes, and that they strictly limit those who view the surveillance videos. Also, there should be an electronic communications policy that employees are required to sign a permission form that states, they will comply with the policy. This policy should clearly outline that electronic use is provided by the employer for business use only; the use of media for personal use is restricted and is subject to employer review; all passwords must be available to the employer; and the employer reserves the right to monitor or search any media without notice. Organizations must ensure that they are balancing employer and employee rights by using electronic monitor and surveillance systems for business purposes only. Conclusion Surveillance of employees in the work place comes down to investments and the right to be involved in almost all aspects of that investment. Involvement in one’s interest is a good thing but if used excessively, any good things can be harmful. 90 percent of works admit to the use of their computer for non-work related issues, this is an impressive stat that any intelligent business owner would not ignore. Ignoring this stat turns your back on the quality and quantity of work you are paying your employees for, not including legal issues that can be devastating to your company. Internet surveillance seems to be a much need necessity for large companies were as video surveillance is needed for almost every company. Video surveillance is only the epitome of technology and ethical monitoring. Now business has the means of protecting tangible, non-tangible, and human investments at all times. This act starts by insuring employees that they are protected and procedures are in place to keep them working along an ethical passage. This is why it is important to inform those in the work of surveillance, it discourages unwanted behavior, this does not only protean to employees but to outsiders as well. How many times have you see signs of surveillance? Some says â€Å"Smile, you are being watched,† this very smart thing to do in this day in age. Everyone would love to watch every moment of their child’s development but no one has the time and resources to do so. What if you could? What if this was your job? Sure you would try to do so with the best of your abilities, but at the same time, you would have to give them private time. So, there is a clear line between protection and Violation of Confidentiality and Invasion of Privacy Working for any company is a privilege not a right, but it is a right for privileged peopled to be protected ethically. Works Cited Kopp, k. Electronic Communications in the Workplace: E-mail Monitoring and the Right of Privacy, 8 Seaton Hall Const. L. J. 861. 1998. McCubbins, G. Daryl and Jeretta Nord/Tipton F. â€Å"E-Monitoring in the Wokplace: Prviacy, legislation, and surveillance software. † COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM. Vols. 49, No 8. August 2006. Robert L. Mathis, John H. Jackson. Human Resource Managemnet, Twelfth Edtion. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2008, 2006.

heavy metal bad for the teenage mind essays

heavy metal bad for the teenage mind essays Evil and Satanic, is what you would probably call heavy metal music today. Marilyn Manson, Anthrax, Metallica and Cannibal Corpse are a few of the many heavy metal groups of todays music world. Heavy metal contains music that should be more carefully analyzed by parents.It also affects the way teens think. Also this music can imply outward violence toward others. Heavy metal is a partial cause for teen violence and suicide. Numbing and influencial, teen violence and suicide can start with heavy metal music," I failed to recognize my son was holding a hand grenade and it was live and it was going off in his mind.", is what Raymond Kuntz said after his 15-year-old son Richard had shown him a CD by Marilyn Manson and later killed himself after listening to his music. Dr. Frank Palumbo from the American Academy of Pediatrics said: Make no mistake about it, music can summon a range of emotions, most of which are wonderful. Yet there is some music that communicates potentially harmful health messages, especially when it reaches a vulnerable audience.(Palumbo) The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) believes parents should better research the music their teens listen to more carefully and that the music industries should make more positive video themes. The more the parents research and monitor their teens music, the less they have to worry about fatal reactions toward it and other violence that would come from the music of their teens. "Almost every parent in America would do what you did. It didn't look like a hand grenade. It looked like a CD." said Joseph Liberman who was trying to comfort Mr. Kuntz (Kenen). If we research what teens listen to we could prevent violence and suicide from Thus, from a testimony from the American Academy of Pediatrics there are many statements that imply that heavy metal music is partially to blame for suicide and violence by teens be...

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes It turns out that zebras are not referees at the horse games as many children may think. In fact, the patterns of the black and white stripes on a zebra are an evolutionary adaptation that has benefits for the animals. Several different and  plausible hypotheses have been proposed for the reason behind the stripes ever since Charles Darwin first came on the scene. Even he puzzled over the significance of the stripes. Over the years, different scientists have suggested the stripes could either be to help camouflage the zebras or confuse predators. Other ideas were to lower body temperature, repel insects, or to help them socialize with one another. The Evolutionary Advantage of Stripes A study, done by Tim Caro and his team from the University of California, Davis, pitted all of these hypotheses against each other and studied the statistics and data gathered. Remarkably, the statistical analysis showed over and over again that the most likely explanation for the stripes was to keep flies from biting the zebras. Although the statistical research is sound, many scientists are careful about declaring that hypothesis the winner until more specific research can be done. So why would stripes be able to keep the flies from biting the zebras? The pattern of the stripes seems to be a deterrent to the flies possibly due to the make up of the flies eyes. Flies have a set of compound eyes, just like humans do, but the way they see out of them is much different. Most species of flies can detect motion, shapes, and even color. However, they do not use cones and rods in their eyes. Instead, they evolved small individual visual receptors called  ommatidia. Each compound eye of the fly has thousands of these ommatidia that create a very broad field of vision for the fly. Another difference between human and fly eyes is that our eyes are attached to muscles that can move our eyes. That allows us to be able to focus as we look around. A flys eye is stationary and cannot move. Instead, each ommatidium collects and processes information from different directions. This means the fly is seeing in several different directions at once and its brain is processing all of this information at the same time. The striped pattern of a zebras coat is a sort of optical illusion to the flys eye because of its inability to focus and see the pattern. It is hypothesized that the fly either misinterprets the stripes as different individuals, or it is a sort of depth perception issue where the flies simply just miss the zebra as they try to feast on it. With the new information from the team at the University of California, Davis, it may be possible for other researchers in the field to experiment and get more information about this very advantageous adaptation for zebras and why it works to keep the flies at bay. As stated above, however, many scientists in the field are hesitant to back this research. There are many other hypotheses as to why zebras have stripes, and there may be several contributing factors as to why zebras have stripes. Just like several human traits are controlled by multiple genes, zebra stripes may be the equivalent for the zebra species. There may just be more than one reason as to why the zebras evolved stripes and not having flies biting them may just be one of them (or a pleasant side effect of the real reason).

The Values of the Shawshank Redemption Essay Example

The Values of the Shawshank Redemption Essay Example The Values of the Shawshank Redemption Paper The Values of the Shawshank Redemption Paper Essay Topic: The Shawshank Redemption The Shawano Redemption is about a banker, Andy Defense who is wrongly convicted of murdering his wife and his lover, Is sentenced to Shawano Prison for two life sentences. As time passes, Andy becomes friends with Red and other Inmates. Andy brings the guards and other prisoners on his side when he helps them with tax problems. Over the years, he gains reputation and is more respected. More significantly, he never drops hope which makes him wanting to be free. In the end, Andy escapes prison by breaking through the prison wall by using a rock emmer which Red smuggled. The film is narrated by Red because Morgan Freeman (Red) has an incredible smooth voice that makes anything sound nice. Things Fall Apart is a novel about a man called Awoken who is a leader and warrior of his village, one of the Nine Villages and has a high level of respect. He was three wives with many children. Awoken does not show his true feelings as he considers this as not masculine. HIS village is very cultural; It Is very strong in its traditions, gods and beliefs. Awoken breaks one of their beliefs, and Is forced to leave the illegal. Then the missionaries and the white men come In the village and try to brainwash them with Christianity. The use of African terms such as chi Indicates a more strong sense of tradition. Through the two texts, Red and Awoken both show examples of respect. Red does not care about the amount of prison work he does and he helps other peoples wants and needs. Awoken respects his villages beliefs, religion, customs and heritage. When the missionary wanted him to convert to Christianity he refused and rebelled. In life, people often follow the rules, regulations and traditions of their local community because that Is what they know within their knowledge. People would not want to shatter the tradition because they dont want to create chaos In the community. In Things Fall Apart, Awoken respectfully obeys the villages beliefs, religion and customs. When Awoken kills his son, he is told to that his family must De put Into exile Ana must erelong special Items to ten g sees. Nils snows respect towards his own (and the villages) belief. In the film, The Shawano Redemption, Red is a hard worker and respects the prison guards. He will obey anything they say and do anything they say. He gives advice to others and silently keeps out of trouble. The other value is hope. In The Shawano Redemption, Andy believes that hope gives a sense of freedom. This is because he knows he is innocent. As he gets used to the prison, Andy thinks he is so free that puts Mozart on the PA system. This is hope gone too far. Later on, Andy put in enough effort and determination to plan a successful escape. In Things Fall Apart, Awoken gains hope when things start to get out of hand. He also hopes to generate wealth from the yams. However, he is not capable of change because he has always been the same person. When Awoken is protesting against the new religion, no one was on his side so his only choice was to kill himself by hanging. The values I have researched has affected my personal values and attitudes by releasing the harshness in a prison or being forced to be taught a religion can be negated with the right determination by believing in your values.

Changing of Fashion styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Changing of Fashion styles - Essay Example The essay "Changing of Fashion styles" explores the fashion trends and styles and their changing. To see how these general considerations apply in reality, we may turn our attention to a phenomenon with which all the Western societies have been increasingly preoccupied during the last couple of centuries, and the significance of which grew in the twentieth century to the level when this phenomenon turned into the most powerful fetish of modernity. This profound phenomenon is fashion, and aside from its elevated status this field of human creativity by means of the continual changing of fashion styles perhaps in the most persuasive way serves as a manifesto of the constant change as a slogan of humanity. However, it is my firm belief that the transience of fashion has its deep roots that connect it with some fundamental qualities of the social structure we are living in. With these considerations in mind, let us on the example of the continual changing of fashion styles try to take a closer look at the interplay of the promise of identity reinforcement that fashion apparently offers and the notion of obsolescence as its inevitable hidden companion that may in the end turn out to be the real driving force behind fashion as such. That fashion has since its inception been involved into the process of creation and confirmation of personal and social identities of people can be understood from the very definitions of both these terms. Indeed, we can define identity as a set of individual.

Governmental Structure of Canada. Is the Canadian Prime Minister Too Research Paper

Governmental Structure of Canada. Is the Canadian Prime Minister Too Powerful - Research Paper Example Majority of the evidences sighted in various literary works point towards the fact that the Canadian prime minister has a lot of power and can influence the decisions of the government and the country of Canada. The fact that cannot be ignored is that the Canadian prime minister exercises a great deal of power especially when in the parliament his party enjoys the majority (Dickerson, Flanaganand O’Neill, 2009). There are obvious evidences of the Canadian prime minister not being too powerful but the majority facts are in the favor of him being powerful and dictating the rules and regulations governing the state resulting in the favor of prime-ministerial power. Governmental Structure of Canada Canada’s parliament is divided into three levels. The main governing body is the Queen of Elizabeth II and the Governor General (David Johnston currently) who acts on the behalf of the Queen to perform official functions as the Queen is not physically present in Canada. The secon d level is of the senate that is appointed on the prime minister’s recommendation and the third being the House of Commons consisting of the government members and the Opposition members. Queen Elizabeth II performs the ceremonial functions in Canada. All the political, executive and legislative powers are directed from the Queen .The Governor in General acts on behalf of Queen Elizabeth, he performs functions such as General elections declaration, closing and opening the Parliament and reads speeches from The Throne. The role of the Prime Minister who is the first amongst the parliament members and is the head of the government is to make and implement decisions pertaining to the policy of the government. He is designated to choose cabinet and its members for carrying out the various tasks of the country. No one person can handle all the tasks therefore cabinets are formed but the supreme authority is the prime minister himself. He can shuffle the cabinet members from one po rtfolio to another, can delete the cabinets and can add cabinets for whatever reason he thinks is right. This statement is strong evidence in favor of the Canadian President being a powerful governing body. The Cabinet and the Canadian prime minister speaks as one voice because conflicts amongst them can result in Cabinet members being demoted or dropped from the Parliament (Mallory, 1984). The legislature is a part of the government and has the duty of making the laws. It consists of the appointed as well as elected members, the Senate is appointed and the House of Commons is elected. Drawn from the House of Commons, the executive (the prime minister and the cabinet members) control the agenda in the House of Commons and they have the right to vote in order to turn the legislative that is proposed into practice (Malcolmson and Myers, 2009). Concluding the structure it could be said that there are three levels and the prime minister is the part of the second level and governs the th ird level that is the legislature. He is an important figure and works under the supervision of the Governor General who is acting figure in lieu of the Queen. Power in the Hands of the Canadian Prime Minister The Canadian Prime minister is the central figure in the Canadian politics and the law governing the state of Canada. He is behind all the progress that is currently under process

Response to Evolution questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response to Evolution questions - Research Paper Example In addition, all human beings have a common ancestor in some part. Hence all living organisms connect or relate through the tree of life in some respect. The second most common feature is that only the fittest of organisms survive and reproduce offspring. Evolution can be noted in various organisms such as butterflies. Butterflies have modified their shape, color etc. over time to adapt to the environment in which they live. Evolution has also affected humans in many ways, and, theorists believe apes are the predecessors of evolved species called humans. The authors, Hughes et al. observe that humans share nearly 95% of their DNA structure with chimpanzees who are considered closest animal relatives to humans. Since evolution has come into the knowledge of people, a conflict between religion and science has emerged. Evolution is primarily based on ideas and concepts taken from religion. Bascom argues that the concept of creation and evolution are not contradictory and, therefore, should be studied together in this respect. Very strong controversy erupted when Charles Darwin presented his theory of natural selection in the year 1859. The author, Myers states that the concepts, which were presented, by Darwin altogether changed the human ideology related to evolution and how we study the human race today. Evolution can be regarded as the mutation which takes place in an organism in consecutive generations. Heng postulates that predecessors often inherit such changes and evolution explains the variety of such changes at each and every level of organic structure. Natural selection is a slow and steady process by which biological mannerism becomes common in any population of an organism. This is the primary mechanism of biological change and is referred to as evolution. The most renowned feature of evolution is that all species living today are somehow successors of species which existed earlier. In addition, all human beings

Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment - Coursework Example A three-step test was established to determine whether Meiorin encountered direct discrimination or adverse effects of discrimination in her lay-off. The test is designed that determine if on balance of probabilities, prima facie discriminatory is a bona fide occupational requirement (Catano, 2010). First, the arbitrator must have established that aerobic standard is rationally connected to job performance. In this case, the research conducted in establishing the aerobic standards were not substantive since they were descriptive and failed to distinguish between male subjects and female subject (Catano, 2010). Second, the arbitrator should have established that the forest service established the aerobic standard in honest and good faith and was essential for the performance of the job. The government honesty in establishing the standard is not disputed since there was no intention to discriminate Ms Meiorin (Catano, 2010). Third, the arbitrator should have established if the standard is reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the work-related purposes. This means that it will be impossible to accommodate any individual employee sharing similar characteristics as Meiorin without imposing unnecessary hardship to the forest service (Catano, 2010). In this case, the arbitrator should have established that Meiorin posed significant safety risks to herself and the public. In Meiorin, it is clear that she could have performed her duties efficiently without posing significant risks to herself or the public even without meeting the aerobic standard 9 Catano, 2010). The Supreme Court observed that individual testing of Ms Meiorin did not constitute discrimination, but the government had failed in establishing that the aerobic standard is a minimal requirement to efficiently perform the duties of a firefighter. Aerobic discrimination was a prima facie discrimination and Ms

Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead - Essay Example Roughly a hundred pounds overweight, stuffed with steroids and ill with an encumbering autoimmune illness, Joe Cross is unable to find hope. Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead is an inspirational and a moving documentary film that records Cross personal undertaking to gain back his fitness and health. With doctors and medication incapable to provide lasting help, Cross is left with no choice but to rely on the body's capability to cure itself. He throws the junk food out of the window and travels all across America with a juicer and generator, declaring to drink only fresh fruit and vegetable juice for the following two months. Lugubriously overweight and so close to death’s door, Phil Staples starts his personal journey to live a normal healthy life once again. What arises is astoundingly remarkable, an inspirational story of recovery and human relationship. Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead present an exceptional and heartening tale of two individuals from two different worlds that, with a c ommon goal, unite. This movie has undoubtedly opened my eyes to the reality of obesity in our society. It is a serious condition and has serious effects. There are so many people in this world right now who are suffering from overweightness. They must take action right away before their downhill path gets any worse. The consequences of obesity are great and sometimes, irreversible. Sickness and illnesses, susceptibility to heart diseases and cancer are far greater than people with a healthy weight. Discipline and the determination are the key aspects that will surely help one in regaining their health and the many years they have lost due to obesity. Your lifestyle is of utmost importance because it determines your everyday life. It defines who you are and what you are capable of. However, most importantly, your lifestyle determines how long you will live.

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions - Assignment Example (a) ÊÆ' [√expiÐ ¤]2dÐ ¤= ÊÆ', assuming spherical nature of the light atom, we use spherical polar coordinates, x=rsinÃ" ©cosÃ' ¨, y=rsinÃ" ©sinÃ' ¨, z=rcosÃ" ©, dÐ ¤=r2sinÃ" ©drdÃ" ©dÃ' ¨, where r= 0 to∞, Ã" ©= 0 to ∠, Ã' ¨= 0 to ∠, 6. for harmonic oscillator, zero point energy = potential energy, given by V(x)=0.5kf x2. From relation F=ke and that F=ma, But each mass has extension of = 0.03448m, hence for combination of two masses, total extension= 0.03445/2=0.01724m. here the gravitational intensity is assumed to be 10N/Kg. hence V(x)= 0.5Ãâ€"725Ãâ€"0.0003= 0.10875J. Comparing with thermal energy at 298K, i.e 4.11Ãâ€"10-21J, the zero point energy is greater showing that the population of particles in the energy level with similar amount of energy as zero point energy is very minimal. 8. (a) Assume the potential for bond breaking is harmonic, then V(x)= 0.5kfx2 where kf= force constant and x is extension of the bond from equilibrium position. Therefore, 0.5kfx2= Vm(x), thus 0.5kfx2= De[1-exp(-ax)]2, but De=7.70Ãâ€"10-19J, kf=412N/M, therefore kf= which can be expressed as

Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment - Coursework Example A three-step test was established to determine whether Meiorin encountered direct discrimination or adverse effects of discrimination in her lay-off. The test is designed that determine if on balance of probabilities, prima facie discriminatory is a bona fide occupational requirement (Catano, 2010). First, the arbitrator must have established that aerobic standard is rationally connected to job performance. In this case, the research conducted in establishing the aerobic standards were not substantive since they were descriptive and failed to distinguish between male subjects and female subject (Catano, 2010). Second, the arbitrator should have established that the forest service established the aerobic standard in honest and good faith and was essential for the performance of the job. The government honesty in establishing the standard is not disputed since there was no intention to discriminate Ms Meiorin (Catano, 2010). Third, the arbitrator should have established if the standard is reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the work-related purposes. This means that it will be impossible to accommodate any individual employee sharing similar characteristics as Meiorin without imposing unnecessary hardship to the forest service (Catano, 2010). In this case, the arbitrator should have established that Meiorin posed significant safety risks to herself and the public. In Meiorin, it is clear that she could have performed her duties efficiently without posing significant risks to herself or the public even without meeting the aerobic standard 9 Catano, 2010). The Supreme Court observed that individual testing of Ms Meiorin did not constitute discrimination, but the government had failed in establishing that the aerobic standard is a minimal requirement to efficiently perform the duties of a firefighter. Aerobic discrimination was a prima facie discrimination and Ms

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions - Assignment Example (a) ÊÆ' [√expiÐ ¤]2dÐ ¤= ÊÆ', assuming spherical nature of the light atom, we use spherical polar coordinates, x=rsinÃ" ©cosÃ' ¨, y=rsinÃ" ©sinÃ' ¨, z=rcosÃ" ©, dÐ ¤=r2sinÃ" ©drdÃ" ©dÃ' ¨, where r= 0 to∞, Ã" ©= 0 to ∠, Ã' ¨= 0 to ∠, 6. for harmonic oscillator, zero point energy = potential energy, given by V(x)=0.5kf x2. From relation F=ke and that F=ma, But each mass has extension of = 0.03448m, hence for combination of two masses, total extension= 0.03445/2=0.01724m. here the gravitational intensity is assumed to be 10N/Kg. hence V(x)= 0.5Ãâ€"725Ãâ€"0.0003= 0.10875J. Comparing with thermal energy at 298K, i.e 4.11Ãâ€"10-21J, the zero point energy is greater showing that the population of particles in the energy level with similar amount of energy as zero point energy is very minimal. 8. (a) Assume the potential for bond breaking is harmonic, then V(x)= 0.5kfx2 where kf= force constant and x is extension of the bond from equilibrium position. Therefore, 0.5kfx2= Vm(x), thus 0.5kfx2= De[1-exp(-ax)]2, but De=7.70Ãâ€"10-19J, kf=412N/M, therefore kf= which can be expressed as

The General Strike Of 1926 Essay Example for Free

The General Strike Of 1926 Essay K. O. Morgan (Wales 1880 -1980) argues that it is clear that the War marked an immediate break with the past, in social and ultimately in political terms. In no part of the British Isles was the contrast between pre- and post-war conditions more pronounced than in Wales. The governments of the 1920s had similar aims and policies with regards to unemployment. They believed that they could best help by trying to restore pre-1914 conditions. That meant reviving the freemarket economy at home, while seeking to restore the international financial and trading system abroad. As far as the government was concerned private enterprise was the main agent of economic recovery and after November 1918, state controls over the economy were rapidly demolished. The government also saw high wages as a hindrance to economic recovery as high wages resulted in higher prices and a consequent loss of foreign trade. Despite a number of strikes over wage levels, by 1923 wage rates were on average down to nearly two-thirds of their 1920 level. A further government initiative to reduce high prices and encourage trade to recover was to reduce government expenditure. Lloyd George followed such a policy as did successive governments. As a result government expenditure was cut by about a quarter in real terms, some of the national debt was paid off and taxes were reduced a little. Whilst cuts in taxation were a help to an economy in depression, unfortunately they also tended to reduce the level of domestic demand for industrial goods. Government policy therefore was probably making unemployment worse. From 1923 to the latter years of the 1930s parts of Wales and England suffered from a prolonged economic depression and this was especially true of the coalfield areas. They experienced mass unemployment – more than 2 million people were unemployed throughout this period and poverty without equal in Britain, a depression, hopelessness and despair that crushed their society and left deep scars on the consciousness of the people who lived through the depths of the Depression. In 1918 there was not a traditional election. David Lloyd George decided to fight the election as a coalition government. Lloyd George had formed the coalition government in 1916 to fight the war. The supporters of the coalition tended to be the Conservative party members and Lloyd George Liberals. David Lloyd George was popular and the coalition government won 478 seats in the House of Commons. There were huge problems for Lloyd George to deal with following the war. He had promised a ‘land fit for heroes’ and that was going to be a difficult trick to perform. Initially he had to deal with the large numbers of soldiers who were released from service. There were brief strikes but many found work in the short post war boom. In 1918, there was a sudden period of inflation. Prices and profits increased but wages lagged behind. Trade Unions became increasingly powerful and were determined to protect workers from the wage stagnation. In 1919 and 1920 there were 2000 strikes throughout Britain. The strikes were not just about wages however. The workers were bitter about their lives in the trenches and still after all their efforts the capitalists were still making vast profits- mainly from war production. The Russian Revolution had publicised government control and nationalisation, leaving the British government panicking that the strikes could turn into something far more serious. One of the most serious strikes took place in Glasgow. The Clydesdale engineers and shipbuilders demanded a 40 hour week and hoisted a red flag in George Sq, Glasgow. On the back of this the miners threatened a strike if they did not have a six hour day, thirty percent pay increase and nationalization of the mines. Lloyd George compromised and gave the miners a seven hour day, continued government control for the foreseeable future and initiated a Royal Commission. The Sankey Commission investigated the problems in the coal industry. By the end of 1921 approximately two million people were unemployed. The slump was a result of a lack of investment in some industries and a lack of demand in more traditional industries such as shipbuilding and coal etc. In 1920 Lloyd George passed the Unemployment Insurance Act. This built on the 1911 Act and covered all workers earning less than two hundred and fifty pounds excluding agricultural labourers, domestic servants and self employed people. The contributions increased but so did the allowances. Allowances increased from five shillings to seven shillings a week. Unfortunately, as unemployment increased the system could not cope as outgoings far exceeded incomings. The government could not abandon the system only one year after implementation so they extended benefit for a slightly longer period and many believe this prevented revolution in Britain. The Sankey Commission could not come to a suitable conclusion regarding the problems in the coal industry. The government decided not to continue nationalisation, leaving the coal pits in private hands as from April 1st 1921. As exports had declined wages would have to be dropped. This was announced to the miners who threatened a National Strike. The three largest unions had joined together- the railwaymen, transport workers and miners, creating a Triple Alliance. This fell apart in 1921 as the railway workers and transport workers did not support the General Strike. The miners carried on regardless but failed after three months. Lloyd George had averted a strike on a national scale but was fast losing popularity. The government lost significant sums of revenue and had to cut back on issues such as education, the army and navy, health services and council house building. It was known as Geddes Axe as Sir Eric Geddes recommended these drastic cuts in expenditure and the government reduced spending by sixty four million pounds. The General Strike had its origins in the coal industry, which was a need of modernisation and investment. The miners themselves believed that the only way in which efficiency and modernisation could be achieved was through nationalisation. Originally the mines were under government control during the war and then under David Lloyd George and the coalition government. In the 1920’s the condition worsened as the Ruhr in Germany was producing significant quantities of coal and therefore the worldwide price dropped. The return to the Gold Standard under Winston Churchill as Chancellor meant that British exports were over priced and of course coal was one of the largest exports out of Britain. The coal owners proposed a wage cut but this was rejected by the workers. The government averted a strike initially by offering two things. Firstly, by offering subsidies and secondly, by appointing the Samuel Commission. The TUC was ready to support the miners as usually all wages followed the trends of the miners. However, the TUC and miners thought the Samuel Commission would solve any problems and bring the situation to an end. The Samuel Commission report was published in March 1926. The document was fairly conservative and proposed that the mine owners should continue with reorganization and modernization, should not as k for longer hours but the document also suggested that the miners should not ask for higher wages and the government should not continue giving subsidies-at least until the crisis was over. Neither mine owners nor workers accepted the report, but the TUC continued to negotiate on behalf of the miners. The mine owners announced there would be a pay cut on 30th April. In retaliation the miners threatened a strike on May 1st. The coal owners locked the doors on 30th April in an attempt to stop a strike. The TUC still attempted negotiations with the Conservative government, but this proved useless and no solution was reached. There were approximately one and a half million workers on strike during this time and the TUC made it clear they did not wish to inconvenience the public or bring down the government. What they did want was protection for coal workers wages. The TUC still negotiated with the government with Samuel acting as mediator. The government showed no signs of softening and the TUC called off the General Strike on May 12th. Samuel had made a number of proposals, which they hoped would be accepted. Unfortunately, the miners rejected the proposals and the miners continued to strike, whilst believing the TUC had betrayed them. The coal strike continued until December and eventually the coal workers had to return to work with longer hours and less pay. The consequences of the General Strike were mainly negative. The majority of trade union members became disillusioned with the TUC and membership numbers dropped. Approximately 1.1 million members had left the TUC by 1933. The coal industry continued to decline with no investment or modernization in evidence. Even more problematic was the decline in exports. The coal industry was suffering a slow and painful death. In 1927 the government passed the Trade Disputes Act which made another General Strike impossible. Union funds could be seized and no other industry could go on a sympathy strike. More positive results of the strike gave the Labour Party more support and in some industries the strike acted as a wake up call. Some employers such as the Imperial Chemical Industries started to improve labour relations. IN 1929 the Conservatives announced the general election. The Conservatives had the most votes but not the most seats and the result was a little indecisive. In 1929 we see the second Labour government who had to face the huge problems to come. The Conservatives had lost a lot of support due to the General Strike and Trade Disputes Act. Unemployment had also played a huge role. In 1929 unemployment still stood at one million

The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin

The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin The early 1900s was an era where society inflicted standards that suppressed women mentally and physically. From birth, women had to overcome many cultural and societal boundaries because of their gender such as being told how to converse and clothe, and even who to marry. Women in those times lacked many rights such as freedom of speech, the right to an education, and skills that would help them become employed. Every stage of their lives was controlled by a male figure, starting with their fathers from birth to their husbands during marriage. Unfortunately, a womans ideal role for men was to perform domestic duties inside the house and other duties such as sexual deeds; a womans voice and concerns were never considered priority nor were given respect. The stories of â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Girls in Their Summer Dresses†, by Irwin Shaw, expose a dominating attitude towards women and illustrate how they could be trapped in unsatisfying marriages because of their husbands thoughtlessness, exploitation, and domination. The protagonists in these stories have accepted their roles in their marriages by being passive spouses. Kate Chopins â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, is a story regarding a woman, Mrs. Mallard, who is trapped in a suppressing marriage and dreadfully wants to escape. This story describes an hour of freedom that has been given to her. Although a very short story, it seems like every sentence has an intense significance and meaning to it that makes the reader think in depth. Even though her husbands full name is given to the readers, â€Å"Brently Mallard†, she is only referred to as â€Å"Mrs. Mallard†, giving the hint of the oppression she had to go through and the degradation society enforced upon women in that time period. Mrs. Mallard, the protagonist of the story is troubled by her heart condition and is oppressed by her husband who loves her and does not want to purposely suppress authority, but sadly, it was the society that built the peoples personality and character, and set the standards in the nineteenth century. Interestingly enough, Chopin uses the techniqu e of foreshadowing in the first sentence of the story indicating the readers that something terrible is bound to happen to Mrs. Mallard, perhaps a heart affiliated problem. The quote,†Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death.†(Chopin 1) misinforms readers in to believing that everything will be fine. Irony could be noticed from the way Mrs. Mallard acts in response to her husbands death. Normally when a widow is informed about their spouses death, they become sad and express their grief; however, when Mrs. Mallard heard the awful news from her sister Josephine, she accepted it and proceeded to her room where she could be alone. This allowed the reader to adopt a similar prospective through her point of view, a new life and a chance to live oppression free. When she proceeds to her room, she sits down on a roomy, comfortable arm chair facing the open window. The reader should instantly inquire the use of the term â€Å"Comfortable† (Chopin 1), and question the fact that she is not miserable. While looking outside the window, she observed nature carefully symbolizing her excitement for a new life. The quote, â€Å"She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life†¦ the delicious breath of rain was in the air†¦ the notes of distant song†¦ countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves†¦patches of the blue sky showing here and there through the clouds† (Chopin 1) describes this scene adequately. At this point of the story the reader is puzzled by Chopins use of foreshadowing whether she is sad at all due to her observance of all the beautiful aspects of nature. While fantasizing about her new life, it seemed like her conscious was trying to put a stop to her happiness, leading her to realize that she was loved by her husband even though he was s uppressive time to time, his intentions were good; however, Chopin was trying to tell the readers she had only loved him time to time and that most of the time she had no love for him, as this quote describes, â€Å"And yet she had loved him-sometimes. Often, she had not.† (Chopin 2). Chopin confuses the reader by using another method of foreshadowing making the ending even more surprising, â€Å"She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long.† (Chopin 2), and that she considers herself to be a â€Å"Goddess of victory† (Chopin 2). Chopin uses an ironic ending for her story when Mrs. Mallard is surprised to death when her husband enters the house looking perfectly healthy without even knowing the accident took place. The paradox prolongs when the readers find out that she dies due to heart disease caused by joy. Earlier when she heard the agonizing news of her husbands death, she was fairly pleased of the idea of being free, having no authority figure gover ning her life; however, she was not eager to go through that life again, causing her to die once she saw her husband alive. Irwin Shaws, â€Å"The Girls in Their Summer Dresses†, depicts a couple whose marriage is in jeopardy due to the husbands lack of consideration for his wifes feelings. The story starts with the protagonist of the story, Frances, and her husband, Michael, enjoying a walk on a Sunday afternoon in New York City, part of Francess plans to spend the whole day alone with her husband as deliberated initially. While walking down the street, Frances caught her husband checking out a pretty girl who leads her to protest against it, â€Å"Shes not so pretty†¦Anyway, not pretty enough to take a chance breaking your neck looking at her.†(Shaw 1). When confronted of his actions, Michael carelessly replies, â€Å"I look at everything†¦I look at women and men†¦I casually inspect the universe.† (Shaw 2). This statement provides the readers with an idea of Michaels character who is the dominating figure in the story, who is lacking respect for his wife and is explo iting her weakness of not ending their relationship. Divorce was uncommon in the early 1900s even when men commit adultery. Francess feelings were depicted well as the author wrote, â€Å"She began to cry†¦someday youre going to make a move†¦Michael didnt say anything. He sat watching the bartender slowly peel a lemon.† (Shaw 4). Irrationally, Michael lets Frances know that â€Å"Sometimes I [Michael] would like to be free† (Shaw 4), and that eventually one day hell â€Å"make a move† (Shaw 4). Unfortunately, Michael treated women as objects who were merely around to perform sexual favours, he even depicted his wife as a sexual object when they arrived at a bar for some drinks, as this quote describes, â€Å"She got up from the table and walked across the room†¦Michael watched her walk, thinking, what a pretty girl, what nice legs.† (Shaw 4). Interestingly enough, Michael turns everything around by stating â€Å"Its a nice day and we both feel good and theres no reason why we have to break it up.† (Shaw 4), by declaring this, Michael blames the fact that their day is turning out to be unpleasant on Frances, and due to her has low self-esteem and insecurity, she accepts the claim by saying, â€Å"All right. I dont know why I started this. Lets drop it. Lets have a good time.† (Shaw 2). By stating this, Frances portrayed herself to be a submissive individual; meanwhile, Michael was careless and disrespectful. Throughout the nineteenth century, a womans purpose was merely based on performing domestic duties in their homes, and they did not contribute to the household income in any way. Women were dishonoured and exploited by men to a point that they were simply degraded to a childs level in society. Excessive male dominance and authority guided countless women getting the sensation of feeling trapped in their household, incapable to flee from the imprisonment enforced upon them by their spouses. The stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, and â€Å"The Girls in Their Summer Dresses†, both depict tolerable house wives who are dominated and exploited by their husbands and have acquiesced to their role in their relationship and are submissive individuals who do not rise up and rebel against their husbands. These stories truthfully exemplify how women in the 19th century had to accept their husbands for who they were, and did not have many alternatives other than accepting to live with the repression until death did them apart.

Argument Against a National Identification System Essay -- ID Identifi

Argument Against a National Identification System The concept of a national ID card has been debated in the United States for over three decades. In the past, the opposition as well as its allies has been strong. As a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks there has been new interest in the concept of national ID cards. While this idea is not all a new, it is closer to becoming more of a reality than ever, gaining the approval by the key members of congress. Currently the Bush Administration objects this renewed idea, however due to the intense emotion from the recent terrorist attacks the nation is closer to the idea than ever before. The idea of a national identity (ID) card seems simple enough. Take the photographic and alpha-numerical information on our birth certificates, Social Security cards, driver s licenses, and voter registration card; add a bar code, fingerprint, microchip, or other biometric identifier; and display all that information on a neat plastic card no bigger than a credit card. But beneath this smooth surface hides a complex issues and perhaps the greatest threat to personal freedom Americans have ever confronted. A national ID system will Require Americans to obtain federal government authorization to travel, work, rent or buy housing, obtain medical care, use financial services, and make many purchases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This federal authorization could be denied for many reasons, including database errors, a suspicious transaction profile, being a deadbeat parent, failure to pay taxes or fines, and any other social control measures Congress wishes to hang on the system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The system will almost certainly create an outlaw class--as large as 10 to 20% of the population--cut off from "normal" life in America. This outlaw class will sustain the underground economy for the use of future terrorists (and ordinary criminals). (Dority Barbara, p10)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The general questions about national ID cards and concepts involved in the debates, found on the Privacy International website at www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html. Can be summarized as below: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who uses ID cards now? About a hundred countries currently utilize official, compulsory, national IDs for various purposes. These include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, and Spain. Among the developed countries that don't have such a card are Australia, Canad... ... promote new forms of discrimination and harassment of anyone who looks or sounds "foreign." Failure to carry a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The disgrace and humiliation of constantly having to prove that they are Americans or legal immigrants would ponder heavily on such groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There I strongly believe that national ID system is not the solution for the problems we are facing today. We have seen before that technological solutions involve risks that should be identified and understood in advance of its use to the greatest extent possible. These risks should be discussed and understood in detail before any decisions regarding its adoption is any form should be made. Work Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dority, Barbara. ?Halt and show your paper!? Humanist. 1 March.2002, Vol.62 Issue 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mohl, Jeff. ?How public is personal information?? Communications & Mass Media Complete, 1 September 2003, Vol. 91, Issue 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safire, William. ?The Threat of National ID.? Kirszner and Mandell 586-88.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.aclu.org   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Privacy International www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html.

Human Genetic Screening Essay -- Science Genes DNA Essays

Human Genetic Screening Human genetic screening is a process that is very complex and very powerful. Genetic screening may detect some inherited traits that may later on cause a person to have a disease that may alter his/her life. Human life, as with any other organism, is b uilt with cells. A human cell consists of forty-six chromosomes, which are paired into twenty-three different pairs. Each one of these chromosomes carries thousands of genes. Each gene consists of information that codes for a particular trait. This information is determined by the DNA found in that gene. A gene for one trait may have various alleles that will make one person appear a little different than that of a person with a different allele. An example would be of a person with brown hair. They would have a dominant allele for hair color, where as a person with blond hair would have two recessive alleles for hair color. It is possible to have a large number of different alleles for each trait, which is why people look so different from on e another (Reilly, Genetics, Law and Social Policy. p. 7). ÒAlthough each person does have some variation in DNA, all members of the human species carry more or less the same set of DNAÓ (Griffiths, An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. p. 4). Because there is such a huge number of genes it is a very complicat ed process to isolate and identify the information in the DNA fragments. In these fragments it is possible for researchers to: Ò isolate and characterize at the molecular level single genes that are responsible for inherited genetic diseases. Genetic ill health can be divided into three major types. The first type is inherited genetic diseases caused by abnormal forms of genes that are passed on from on... .... Complexity Limits the powers of prediction. Feb. 1, 1996: p. 390. Griffiths, Anthony, Jeffrey miller, David Suzuki, Richard Lewontin, William Gelbart, An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Sixth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, 1996: p. 4,5-6. Koenig, Barbara, The New York Times. Gene Tests: What You Know Can Hurt You. April 6,1996: p. 15 Lehrman, Sally, Nature. Genetic testing needs more checks. Nov. 9, 1995: p. 121. Masood, Ehsan, Nature. Gene tests: who benefits from risk? . Feb. 1, 1996: P. 389. Reilly, Phillip, Genetics, Law, and Social Policy. President and fellows of Harvard College. 1977: p. 7. The World Book Encyclopedia, 1993 Edition, 1993 World Book Inc. 1993: p. 85. Web Site #1 Written by: The Exploratorium , 3601 Lyon St., San Francisco, CA 94123 Web Site #2 Written by: The Exploratorium, 3601 Lyon St., San Francisco, CA 94123

American Literature Essay

Fenny Fern, pseudonym of Sara Willis Parton, was the first woman columnist, a popular novelist and author of children’s stories. She was the most highly paid newspaper writer of that period. She used to write on such topics, which a woman at that time would not dare to talk about in public. Fenny wrote on economic independence of women, prostitution, birth control, children’s rights etc. Fenny was deeply affected by the injustice women had to face both at home and workplace and hence she raised those issues in her newspaper columns. She even used to suggest the right ways and wrestled or equal right, equal pay for women too. ‘The working girls of New York’ is just one step towards what seemed to be her target. Here she dealt with the problems that working women faced at that time including the problems at workplace and also the inequality of wages. Rebecca Harding Davis was a journalist who raised social issues and is considered the pioneer of realistic fiction in American literature. She achieved fame from her novel, ‘Life in the Iron Mills’. Davis used to write for a change in social status of blacks, women, immigrants and the working class. She concentrated on the issues related to omen and portrayed the powerlessness of the working class in breaking the chains of industrial capitalism. According to Jean Pfaelzer, ‘Life in the Iron Mills’ must be considered a central text in the origins of American realism, American proletarian literature, and American feminism. Both Fenny and Davis fought for social injustice with the help of their writing skills. Their medium of war was print and instrument was pen with which they used to fight for the prevailing social injustice. They raised issues of the downtrodden and the working class that had to suffer various problems at that time.

What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia?

What did it mean to be modern in early twentieth century East Asia? In the early 20th century, East Asia went through a process of modernisation to cope with the challenges brought by the Western powers. This process of modernisation was characterised by numerous features, ranging from military, political, economic, industrial and technological reforms to changes in the legal, administration, diplomatic as well as education and women. There were long term socio-political and cultural impacts which shaped the modern East Asia in the early 20th century.While modernisation was in no way equivalent to Westernisation, many in the early 20th century saw the West as a model for modernisation. Modernisation in East Asia was thus more often than not taken as a process of learning from or even imitating the West. This essay will argue that Japan, Korea and China shared similar themes in the path towards modernity even though they developed in different ways. One of the most important steps tow ards modernisation for all 3 regions of East Asia was the reform (increasing levels of freedom) for women.In the early 20th century Japan, Korea and China underwent economic and industrial development taking the first steps towards modernisation. However, the significant difference lay in the fact that Korea underwent this process of industrial and economic modernisation under Japanese colonial rule therefore one may argue that the significance of their development was much greater. Japanese corporations took advantage of international technological and managerial innovations often called the â€Å"second industrial revolution†. Japan’s electrical technology became second to none.Electric street cars appeared in Tokyo in 1904, several years after they had appeared in Seoul. Of Japanese households, 85% had electricity in 1935, compared to 68% in the United States. Techniques of mass production required both standardised equipment and scientific management or Taylorism, an American theory of rational labour practice that Japan adapted to make the work force more efficient. A dual structure characterised Japan’s modern economy. Therefore, for Japan modernisation meant a rise in industrial advances and production thus a booming economy.Scholars’ views of Korea’s colonial period generally divide into two broad categories. The first takes a negative view of Japan but the second fits the colonial experience into major trends that lasted to the end of the 20th century. This included abolishing inherited social status as a barrier to advancement; liberating women from male domination; introducing modern mass media and popular culture; creating a modern economy through heavy investment in railroads, bridges and harbours; establishing a modern financial sector in the 1920s; and industrialising the peninsula in the 1930s.A small middle class of businessmen and shopkeepers arose and half million farmers were converted to factory workers a nd miners. In retrospect, the most important economic contribution was Japan’s use of state-led industrialisation involving planning and controls of all kinds in the process of late industrialisation to catch up to the advanced economies of western imperialists. Colonial economic policy aimed at expanding agricultural production by investment in reclamation, irrigation, chemical fertiliser and the introduction of new seeds to grow rice for export to Japan.Some people benefited more than others out of the economic boom in Korea from 1910-1925. This economic boom saw a rise in the price of rice. Korean landlords most of whom were Yangban (landed or unlanded aristocracy), fared far better than sharecroppers and Japan succeeded in winning tangban landlords compliance to colonial rule by granting them noble titles and guaranteeing their private property rights. As a result landlords took little part in the development of active nationalist resistance to Japanese rule.Taking this i nto consideration it is not unreasonable to suggests that while Japanese colonial rule brought about tyranny, exploitation of the Korean economy, its reduction of the mass of the population to bare subsistence and its attempt to obliterate Korean culture without granting equal citizenship rights it also encouraged developmentalism thus a profound increase in economic development. World War One gave China’s businesses and industries a chance to flourish.Britain, France, Germany and Russia were preoccupied with what was happening in Europe and no longer had spare goods to export. Imports from the West thus dropped dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from China increased dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from china increased helping china’s export industries. The number of Chinese textile mills increased fr om 22 in 1911 to 109 in 1921.Tonnage of coal produced grew from 13 to 20 million tons between 1913 and 1919. Modern banking took off: between 1912 and 1923, the number of modern banks increased from 7 to 31. Telephone and electric companies were formed not only in major cities but also in county seats and even in market towns. New fortunes were made. For instance, the Rong brothers from a family of merchants in Wuxi built a flour mill in 1901 and another in 1913. As opportunities opened up, they built eight new factories between 1914 and 1920 expanding into textiles.Therefore, like Japan and Korea, modernisation for China also meant an increase in industrialisation and economic production which brought the first steps towards modernity in the early 20th century. In Japan the path towards modernisation also meant the adoption of constitutional government and an imperial democracy. After the Meiji restoration in 1868, it provided for a form of constitutional monarchy, in which the emp eror of Japan was an active ruler and wielded considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected Diet.The Diet primarily dictated domestic policy matters. After the Meiji restoration, which restored direct political power to the emperor, Japan underwent a period of political and social reform and modernisation aimed at strengthening Japan to the level of the nations of the Western world. The immediate consequence of the constitution was the opening of the first parliamentary government in Asia. In the early 20th century the struggle for democracy engaged academic theorists, journalists, feminists, outcasts and working men and women who expressed themselves in riots and in efforts to organised unions.For Japanese intellectuals liberalism meant representative government, constitutionalism, and rule by law. It meant individual rights and freedom from undue governmental interference in the individual’s life. It distinguished between th e naturalness of society and the artifice of the state. Intellectuals who professed liberal views jeopardised their careers. For example, Yoshino Sakuzo had to resign his position at Tokyo University because he had argued that people are the basis of the state and the aim of the state is to promote their well-being.The public interest had to in their view, supersede private, partial interests of oligarchs, bureaucrats, politicians and businessmen. Minobe Tatsukichi argued that according to the constitution, the Diet, in particular the lower house was the organ that represented the people. Therefore, it is clear that in Japan modernisation not only meant an improvement in industrial production and economic strength, but more significantly it meant the expression by the people for democracy and new liberal ideas imported from the West.A new modern culture was emerging in East Asia along with education which was emphasised significantly in Korea in the early 20th century. Radio broadca sting began in 1927 under the Japanese Korean broadcasting company and Korean language programs expanded from a third to half of airtime and in 1933 the first all Korean station was allowed. It devoted many programs to Korean history, science, the arts, international affairs, translations of western plays, popular songs with a distinct Korean flavour and standardisation of Korean grammar. In Japan the great Kanto earthquake of 1923 ushered in modern Japanese culture.Modern culture incorporated a second wave of westernisation driven not by national goals but by individual inclinations. After the earthquake, there emerged theatres, galleries, exhibition halls, and rooftop arcades and in 1927 the first subway in Asia connected corporate headquarters in Ginza with movie houses and cafes in Asakysa. The new middle class consumed a modern culture removed from politics. Mass literacy spurred the development of mass media. Self-help books and magazines taught the rudiments of popular scienc e, how to be modern, how to succeed in business and how to create the perfect home environment.Cinemas showed films from abroad alongside domestically produced animated cartoons and historical dramas. This modern mass culture promoted a privatising world of leisure and self-expression. In China the new culture movement took the lead in rejecting traditional values. For example, articles were written that promoted the importance of rejection of Confucianism so that China could attain equality and human rights. Leaders of the movement proposed ending use of the classical literary language because it was a â€Å"dead language† according to Hu Shi.By 1919 New youth written entirely in vernacular Chinese was joined by many other periodicals aimed at young people aspiring for new china. Magazines were filled with articles on western ideas including socialism anarchism, democracy, liberalism Darwinism pragmatism and science. All the major political and intellectual revolutionaries o f the early 20th century spoke out on the need to change the ways of thinking about women and their social roles. Early in the century the key issues were foot binding and women’s education. Anti-foot binding campaigns depicted the ustom as standing in the way of modernisation by crippling a large part of the population. As women gained access to modern education they began to participate in politics. Schools for women were becoming more common in this period. In 1907 the Qing government mandated the opening of schools for girls. By 1910 there were over 40000 girls’ schools in the country, with 1. 6 million students and by 1919 this had increased. Schools offered much more than literacy; they offered a respectable way for girls to interact with unrelated people.After 1920 opportunities for higher education also rapidly expanded leading to a growing number of women working as teachers, nurses and civil servants in the larger cities. At the end of World War One the treat y of Versailles ceded former German holdings in China to Japan instead of returning the territories to China even though China had sent troops to fight with the Allies in Europe. Such unfair treatment sparked a widespread intellectual uprising known as the May 4th movement. Focussing on the need for national strength and modernisation this movement also encompassed widespread cultural and literary innovation.These cultural products also saw new representations of women as two distinct archetypes: the New Woman and the Modern Girl. The new emphasis on women in the early 20th century and the public movements taking place (May 4th) show that to China modernisation meant a more Western liberal approach than ever before. To conclude one may argue that to be modern in East Asia in the early 20th century meant different things to Japan, Korea and China. However, similarities were greatly emphasised. For Japan there developed a robust parliamentary democracy supported by an electorate that encompassed the entire male population.The industrialised economy and modern bureaucracy fostered the growth of a well-educated middle class. Overall modern Japan contained conflicting visions of what it meant to be Japanese. For Korea Japanese colonial rule had both positive and negative effects. It established models for successful enterprises and by breaking down hereditary status barriers it opened opportunities to people previously blocked from upward mobility. By introducing modern education it introduced some Koreans to science, foreign languages and social science and enabled the birth of modern mass culture.In short Japanese colonialism produced wealth and poverty, acceptance and animosity, revolutionary potential and conservative reaction. For China modernisation meant the end of the two thousand years of monarchical government, the importance of nationalism and the emergence of political parties. Through the spread of modern schools and new publications a large proportion of the population knew of western countries and ideas. Radically new ideas such as individualism and democracy were being widely discussed and advocated. However, overall of most importance to the whole of East Asia was the similar way in which women were revolutionised.In Japan, Korea and China one may argue that the process of modernisation had the greatest impact on women and that one of the biggest aspects of adopting a more modern western culture in early 20th century East Asia, was the freedom for women to play more public roles in society. Bibliography 1. Edwin Arnold, Asia’s first parliament: Sir Edwin Arnold describes the step in Japan, New York Times 26 January 1891 2. Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, East Asia: a cultural, social and political history second edition 2009 3. Sarah E Stevens, Figuring modernity: the new woman and the modern girl in republican China volume 15 number 3 2003